The Cliff Walk in Newport. Mansions on one side, open ocean on the other, and a path you can push a stroller along for the first stretch
Rhode Island With Kids Family Travel Guide
“The smallest state has more coastline per square mile than anywhere, and it is forty minutes from Mystic.”
Why families hire me for Rhode Island
Rhode Island is the easiest add on in New England and almost nobody plans a trip around it. That is a mistake worth fixing.
I have planned and priced more than three hundred trips, and Rhode Island comes up constantly as the two or three nights that turn a good New England week into a very good one. It is tiny, it is forty minutes from Mystic, an hour from Boston, and it has more good beach per mile of driving than any state in the region.
What it actually has is three completely different things in a space you can cross in under an hour. Newport, which is gilded age mansions and a cliff path and a working harbour. The south coast, which is long warm sandy beaches on the same sheltered water that makes Connecticut swimmable. And Block Island, which is a ferry ride out and feels like somewhere else entirely.
Then Providence, which is a small city with a very good zoo, an art museum attached to a design school, and a food scene out of proportion to its size.
I taught social studies for eight years and this state is a gift for it. Roger Williams founded it as a refuge for people thrown out of Massachusetts for believing the wrong things, and it was the first colony to make religious freedom the point. That is a real conversation to have with a ten year old.
What I sort out for families is the sequencing and the ferries. Which beach suits your youngest. Block Island as a day or a night. And how to see Newport without spending a fortune on mansion tickets you do not need.
Beyond the Bookshelf
A shelf of sailing stories, gilded age history and seaside films for a short drive.
Rhode Island reads small and rich. The gilded age mansions in Newport were summer houses for families with more money than sense, and the stories attached to them are absorbing for anybody over about nine. Who built them, how briefly they used them, and what happened to the money.
For younger kids, anything with boats and lighthouses. For readers, the founding story is the good one. A man told to leave Massachusetts for his beliefs who walked south and started a colony where that was allowed. Children get it immediately.
We pair it with chowder and clam cakes if we can get them, and coffee milk, which is the state drink and will divide the family.
Why Rhode Island works with kids
Three reasons, and the first is the one nobody writes down.
The driving is nothing. Rhode Island is the smallest state and you can cross it in well under an hour. Newport to the south coast beaches is about half an hour. That means one hotel and no day that starts with a long car journey, which with young children is the whole game.
The water is warm. The south coast faces the same sheltered water as Connecticut rather than the open North Atlantic, so by late July it is swimmable in a way Maine never is. The beaches here are long, sandy and shallow at the edges.
And it stacks with everything. Mystic is forty minutes west, Boston is an hour north, and Cape Cod is a reasonable drive east. Rhode Island is the easiest two or three nights to add to any New England trip, and it is cheaper than Boston or the Cape for those nights.
Under an hour end to end. The smallest state, so no leg of a Rhode Island trip is a drive. One base covers everything.
Warm, sandy, shallow beaches. The south coast is on sheltered water and swims warm by late July. Long sand, gentle entry, proper beach days.
Forty minutes from Mystic. The single easiest add on in New England. Two or three nights here turns a Connecticut trip into a two state one.
An island you reach by ferry. Block Island is a real boat trip to a real island, which with kids is worth more than any attraction on the mainland.
A city that fits in a day. Providence has a very good zoo, a proper art museum and excellent food, and you can do the useful parts in an afternoon.
A founding story kids understand. Set up as a refuge for people thrown out elsewhere for their beliefs. The clearest history lesson in New England.
Rhode Island Place by Place
Eight places worth your time, in the order I would put them on a first trip.
Newport
Narragansett
Block Island
Providence
Misquamicut and Westerly
Bristol
Jamestown
Wickford
Rhode Island Is Sailing, Old Money and Coffee Milk
Three things, and they do not obviously belong together.
The sailing is real and serious. Narragansett Bay is one of the great sailing waters and Newport has hosted the biggest races in the sport. On any summer afternoon the bay is full of sails, and even if you never set foot on a boat, watching it from a harbour wall is a good hour.
The old money built Newport. In the late eighteen hundreds the richest families in America put up enormous summer houses on the cliffs, used them for a few weeks a year, and left behind a town of palaces. Several are open to walk through. They are impressive and the thing children remember is usually the scale of the kitchens and how many staff it took.
And then coffee milk, which is the official state drink and is exactly what it sounds like. Coffee syrup stirred into cold milk. Rhode Islanders are serious about it and visitors are usually baffled by it. Buy a bottle of the syrup to take home, because it is the cheapest souvenir and the most specific.
The other thread is that this is a small, old, dense state that was founded on the idea that people should be left alone about what they believe. It has a chip on its shoulder about its size and a lot of pride in its food.
One of the Newport mansions. Gavin would have asked how many people it took to run it, which is the right question
Clam Cakes, Stuffies and the Chowder Argument
Rhode Island food is specific, cheap and nothing like what you get fifty miles away.
Start with the chowder, because this state does it differently. Rhode Island chowder is clear, a broth rather than a cream soup, and the locals will defend it. You can get the white creamy New England kind too, and there is a red tomato version as well. Order the clear one once so you can have the argument properly.
Clam cakes come with it. Fried balls of dough with clams in, served by the half dozen, and the correct way to eat them is dipped into the chowder. Children take to them immediately.
Then stuffies, which are large clams chopped up with breadcrumbs and peppers and baked back in the shell. More of a grown up taste, and worth ordering one for the table.
Doughboys are the dessert version of a clam cake. Fried dough, sugar on top, eaten hot at the beach. And frozen lemonade, which is a Rhode Island institution, is shaved ice and real lemon and the best thing on a hot day on the south coast.
And coffee milk, the state drink. Try it. You will either love it or hand it to somebody else.
Del’s frozen lemonade Shaved ice and real lemon, from a truck or a window. A Rhode Island institution and the best thing going on a hot day down on the south coast.
Clam cakes Fried dough balls with clam in, by the half dozen, dipped in the chowder. The thing kids will ask for again.
Stuffies Big clams chopped with breadcrumbs and peppers and baked in the shell. One for the table.
Frozen lemonade Shaved ice and real lemon, from a stand, on a hot afternoon. A state institution and about two dollars of pure relief.
Doughboys Fried dough with sugar, eaten hot at the beach. Messy and non negotiable.
Coffee milk The official state drink. Coffee syrup in cold milk. Buy the syrup to take home.
A note on where to eat this. The best versions are at shacks and clam bars near the water, not in Newport restaurants, and most of them are seasonal and cash friendly. The south coast and the bay villages are where to look. In Newport you are paying harbour prices for the same food.
More Coast Than Driving, Which Is The Whole Point
Rhode Island is the smallest state in the country and it has hundreds of miles of shoreline, because the whole middle of it is a bay full of islands. That ratio is the reason to come.
In practice it means you can base once and have a different stretch of water every day without ever driving more than about forty minutes.
The south coast, from Narragansett west towards Westerly and Misquamicut, is the proper beach. Long sand, dunes behind, warm shallow water by late July, and state beaches where you pay to park rather than per person. This is where I put a family that wants to swim.
Newport sits on the end of a peninsula with the Cliff Walk along its ocean edge, a path with mansions on one side and the Atlantic on the other. The first stretch is paved and easy. Further along it turns into rock scrambling, which is fine for older kids and wrong with a toddler, so walk out and turn back rather than committing to the whole thing.
The bay itself is the calm option. Jamestown, Bristol and Wickford all sit on sheltered water with little town beaches, harbours and almost no surf. Good for a day when the ocean is rough.
And Block Island is a ferry out from Point Judith, which is a real boat trip to a real island with bluffs, bike hire and two beaches. It is the best day out in the state.
The one practical catch. State beach car parks on the south coast fill up on hot weekends and then close, and the lot is the only realistic way in. Go before about ten in the morning on a Saturday in July, or go on a weekday, or accept you may be turned away. This is the thing that ruins Rhode Island beach days.
Getting There, And Why It Is Easier Than You Expect
Rhode Island is small, central and well connected, which makes it the least stressful arrival in New England.
Providence has its own airport and it is the quiet win. It is small, calm, about twenty minutes from the city and under an hour from anywhere in the state, and it is very often cheaper than Boston. With a family this is the one to price first.
Boston is about an hour and a bit to Providence and is the usual default. Fine, and you deal with Boston traffic at both ends.
The train works. The main Northeast corridor stops at Providence and at Kingston for the south coast, so a car free trip to Providence and a beach town is realistic coming from New York or Boston.
And if you are already in Mystic, you are forty minutes away. That is the single most common way my clients end up here, as the second half of a Connecticut trip.
You want a car for the beaches and for Newport. The ferries to Block Island leave from Point Judith on the south coast and from Newport in season, and you can leave the car behind on the island, which is the right call because it is small and bikeable.
Price Providence airport first. Small, calm, central and often cheaper than Boston, with no city traffic at either end.
Forty minutes from Mystic. The easiest add on in New England. Build it onto a Connecticut week rather than treating it as its own trip.
The train reaches the beaches. Corridor trains stop at Providence and Kingston, so a car free Providence and south coast trip works.
Leave the car for Block Island. Take the ferry as a passenger and hire bikes on the island. Taking a car over is expensive and unnecessary.
Beach parking is the bottleneck. State lots fill and close on hot weekends. Early or weekday, or pick a bay beach instead.
The south coast at Narragansett. This is the warm swimming New England is not supposed to have
Newport, And How To Do It Without Spending A Fortune
Newport is the headline and it is also where families get separated from a lot of money very quickly. Here is how I handle it.
The mansions are the main event and there are several open. You do not need to see several. Pick one, do it properly, and spend the rest of the day outside. With children, one grand house is memorable and three in a row is a punishment. The biggest and most famous is the one to pick if you are only doing one.
The Cliff Walk is free and it is better than any of the houses. A path along the ocean edge with the mansion lawns on one side. Start at the northern end where it is paved and flat, walk as far as everybody is enjoying it, and turn around. The southern sections involve genuine rock scrambling and are not a stroller proposition.
The harbour is the other free thing. Boats coming and going all day, a working waterfront, ice cream and the chance to watch serious sailing for nothing.
Then there is a tennis museum in a beautiful old building, a very good aquarium style exploration centre for younger kids, and a fort you can walk around. None of it is essential and all of it is cheaper than a second mansion.
Newport is beautiful and it is expensive and it is best as a day or two rather than a base. I would sleep on the south coast or in the bay and come into Newport for a day.
Mansion admission is sold as single house tickets and as multi house passes, and the pass only pays off if you are actually going to use it, which with children you probably are not. Prices change by season and year so I am not printing them. Do the maths on one house for your family before you buy a pass for five.
Block Island, And The Question Of Staying Over
Block Island is a ferry ride from Point Judith and it is the best day out in Rhode Island.
The crossing is about an hour on the traditional ferry and there is a faster one in season. You walk on as a passenger, which is the right way, and hire bikes at the harbour when you arrive. The island is small enough to ride across and has two very good beaches, a working harbour, and bluffs at the southern end with a lighthouse and a long staircase down to the sand.
As a day trip it works well. First boat out, bikes, a beach, lunch, the bluffs, last boat back. With children from about seven who can ride, it is one of those days that ends up being the whole holiday for them.
Should you stay over? Only if you want the quiet. The island empties in the evening when the day boats go and it becomes a very peaceful place, which is lovely for adults and sometimes dull for children. Accommodation is limited and expensive in summer and needs booking a long way ahead.
The thing to get right is the ferry. Book ahead in July and August, check the last sailing time and set an alarm for it, and know that rough weather cancels boats. Do not put Block Island on your last day.
When To Come, And Why September Wins
Late June through August. Beach season, warm water, every ferry and shack open. Also the busiest and the only time beach parking is a real problem. This is the family window if your kids want to swim.
September. The best month here and it is not close. The water is at its warmest after a summer of sun, the crowds have gone, the parking is fine, the prices drop and everything is still running through the first half of the month. If you are not tied to school terms, come now.
October. Beautiful, quiet and cheap, with the sea cooling and the seasonal food shacks closing. Good for Newport and Providence, wrong for a beach week.
November through April. Very quiet. Newport is lovely out of season and much of the coast is shut. Providence carries on. Not a beach trip.
May and early June. Green and pleasant with cold water. Fine for the mansions and the city, too cold for the children to swim.
How Many Days & First-Trip Routing
Three nights is the number, and that is deliberately short.
Rhode Island is an add on and it is the best one in New England. Three nights buys you a beach day, a Newport day and a Block Island day, which is the whole state done properly.
Four or five nights if you want the city as well, or a second beach day, or a night on Block Island.
A full week here is more than the state needs unless you are settling into one beach town and doing nothing, which is a perfectly good holiday and not what most families ask me for.
The shape I book most often is four nights in Mystic or the Connecticut shoreline, then three here. One short transfer, two states, and it feels like a much bigger trip than it is.
How to Route a Rhode Island Week
Base on the south coast, around Narragansett or Westerly, and drive in to everything else.
From there Newport is about half an hour over the bridges, the Point Judith ferry to Block Island is minutes away, Providence is well under an hour, and the beach is at the end of your road. Nothing else in the state is further than that.
The alternative is Newport itself, which is beautiful and expensive and puts you further from the beaches and the ferry. Good for two nights without children, less good for a family week.
Here is the trip. Arrive from Mystic or Providence airport. Three nights on the south coast. Beach day on the first good forecast, Block Island on another, Newport on the third with the Cliff Walk and one mansion. Out through Providence or north to Boston.
Sleep on the south coast. Beach on the doorstep, ferry minutes away, Newport half an hour. Cheaper than Newport and better placed.
Do Newport as a day. One mansion, the Cliff Walk and the harbour. Staying there costs more and gains little with kids.
Book the Block Island ferry ahead. Summer sailings sell out and weather cancels them. Never the last day of the trip.
Beach early on hot weekends. State lots close when full. Before ten, or a weekday, or pick a sheltered bay beach instead.
Pair it with Connecticut. Forty minutes from Mystic. This is the single best two state week in New England with children.
Where these places are
A map of every place named on this page, so you can see how close together they really are.
Regions at a Glance
The South Coast
Narragansett, Westerly and Misquamicut. Long warm sandy beaches, the Block Island ferry and the best family base in the state.
Newport and Aquidneck Island
Mansions, the Cliff Walk, a working harbour and serious sailing. Beautiful, expensive, best as a day.
Block Island
A ferry ride out. Bikes, bluffs, two beaches and a different pace. The best day trip here.
Providence and the Bay
A small city with a very good zoo and excellent food, plus the sheltered bay villages of Bristol, Jamestown and Wickford.
Block Island. Hire the bikes at the harbour, do not bring the car, and watch the clock for the last boat
Must See and Do
The Newport Cliff Walk. A free path along the ocean with mansion lawns on one side. Paved and flat at the north end, rock scrambling further south. Better than any ticket in town.
One Newport mansion. Pick the biggest and do it properly. One grand house is a memory and three in a day is a punishment.
Block Island by ferry. About an hour from Point Judith on the traditional boat. Walk on, hire bikes, two beaches and the bluffs. The best day in the state.
The south coast state beaches. Narragansett, Misquamicut and the stretches between. Long sand, warm shallow water, pay to park rather than per person.
Roger Williams Park Zoo, Providence. A properly good zoo in a big city park. The right call on a wet day or with younger children.
Clam cakes and chowder at a clam shack. Clear broth chowder with fried clam cakes to dip. Seasonal, cheap and the most Rhode Island hour you will have.
The harbour at Newport. Free, busy, and full of boats all day. Ice cream and sailing and nothing to pay.
Wickford village. A tiny, very old harbour village on the bay. Half an hour, lovely, and nobody sends you there.
Frozen lemonade from a stand. Shaved ice and real lemon on a hot south coast afternoon. A state institution.
The bay bridges. Crossing from the mainland to Jamestown and on to Newport is a proper piece of engineering and the kids will look up from their screens.
Doing Rhode Island With Children
Rhode Island is one of the easiest states in the region with children, mostly because of its size.
No day involves a long drive. That single fact removes most of what goes wrong on a family trip.
The water is warm and the beaches are sandy and shallow, so a beach day is a real beach day rather than a cold paddle.
The ferry to Block Island does the job that a theme park does elsewhere. It is an event, it takes a whole day, and it belongs to the children.
And a lot of the best of it costs nothing. The Cliff Walk, the harbour, the bridges, the bay villages. The paid attractions here are mostly for adults.
Ages two to six. South coast beaches, the bay villages and the harbour. Skip the mansions and most of the Cliff Walk.
Ages seven to eleven. Block Island by bike, the full beach days, one mansion and the zoo. The best age for this state.
Teenagers. Newport properly, the sailing, the Cliff Walk end to end, and Providence for the food.
Strollers are fine in places. The north Cliff Walk, the harbour and the bay villages are easy. The southern Cliff Walk and the bluff stairs are not.
Mind the beach parking. It is the one logistical thing that will actually ruin a day here. Early or weekday.
Who Rhode Island Suits, and Who Should Skip It
It suits a family who wants warm swimming, short drives and a ferry, and who is already going somewhere else in New England.
It suits anybody doing Mystic and Connecticut. Three nights here is the obvious second half and it is cheaper than extending in Connecticut.
It suits a family with children roughly seven and up best, because Block Island by bike and the Cliff Walk are the two standout things and both want legs.
It does not suit somebody looking for mountains or wilderness. There is none, and the state is small and dense.
It does not suit a family who wants a two week single state holiday. Rhode Island is three nights done brilliantly, not a fortnight.
And it does not suit anybody whose budget is tight if they insist on sleeping in Newport in August. That is the most expensive corner of the state by a distance and there is no need to be in it.
Worth the Money in Rhode Island
A south coast base rather than Newport. Beach on the doorstep, ferry minutes away, Newport half an hour, and noticeably less money. The best decision on this page.
One mansion done properly. Full price, one house, take the time. Better value than a multi house pass you will abandon by lunch.
Walk on ferry tickets and bike hire. Leaving the car on the mainland and hiring bikes on Block Island is cheaper and better than taking the car over.
A weekday beach day. Costs the same and you get in. On a hot Saturday the lot closes and the day is gone.
Clam shacks over harbour restaurants. Same food, often better, for a fraction of the Newport price. Drive ten minutes inland or along the bay.
September instead of August. Warmer water, no parking problem, lower prices, everything open. The single best swap you can make here.
Providence. Small enough to do in an afternoon and much better food than a city this size has any right to
Things That Surprise First Timers
The chowder is clear. Rhode Island chowder is a broth, not a cream soup, and people here will argue about it. Try it once deliberately.
Coffee milk is a real thing. Coffee syrup in cold milk, and it is the official state drink. Buy the syrup to take home.
The beach lots close. On hot weekends the state beach car parks fill and shut, and there is no other way in. This is the trap.
The Cliff Walk gets rough. Flat and paved at one end, actual rock scrambling at the other. Walk out and turn back with young children.
It is forty minutes from Mystic. People treat it as a separate trip. It is the second half of a Connecticut week.
Newport is expensive. Noticeably more than the rest of the state for food and beds. Visit it, do not sleep in it.
The water is warm. Sheltered water rather than open Atlantic, so by late July the south coast really does swim.
Providence punches above its weight. A small city with a very good zoo, a proper art museum and food better than its size suggests.
Where I Would Start
If you have never been, take three nights on the south coast around Narragansett.
Beach day, Block Island day, Newport day. That is the state done properly and you will not feel you missed anything.
Put it on the end of a Connecticut week and the whole thing becomes one of the best value family trips in the Northeast.
Come back for Providence and the bay villages, which are the quieter second trip.
Rhode Island by the numbers
Facts to know before you go
Rhode Island is not one kind of trip
There are four Rhode Island trips and they want different bases. Pick one and borrow a day.
The beach trip
South coast base, state beaches, clam shacks and frozen lemonade. Late June to mid September.
The Newport trip
Mansions, the Cliff Walk, the harbour and the sailing. Beautiful, pricier, good all year.
The island trip
Block Island by ferry and bike, one day or one night. Summer only and the best day here.
The add on trip
Three nights bolted onto Connecticut or Boston. The version I book most and the one most families should do first.
What families come to Rhode Island for
Warm sandy beaches. Sheltered water, long sand, shallow entry. The New England swimming most people do not know exists.
A ferry to an island. Block Island by boat and bike. The day the children will talk about.
Mansions on a cliff. Newport, and a free ocean path running past the lot of them.
Food that exists nowhere else. Clear chowder, clam cakes, stuffies, frozen lemonade and coffee milk.
Almost no driving. The smallest state. One base, everything inside forty minutes.
An easy add on. Forty minutes from Mystic, an hour from Boston. It makes a bigger trip out of a smaller one.
Only in Rhode Island
Food
Clear broth chowder
Rhode Island makes its clam chowder as a clear broth rather than a cream soup, and will argue the case at length.
Drink
Coffee milk
The official state drink. Coffee syrup stirred into cold milk, sold in bottles, taken entirely seriously.
Architecture
Summer palaces
The richest families in America built enormous houses on the Newport cliffs and used them a few weeks a year.
Walking
A free path past the mansions
The Cliff Walk runs along the ocean edge between the lawns and the Atlantic, and it costs nothing.
Geography
More coast than driving
The smallest state in the country, with hundreds of miles of shoreline, because its middle is a bay full of islands.
History
A colony founded on dissent
Roger Williams was pushed out of Massachusetts for his beliefs and founded a place where that was allowed.
Sport
Serious sailing water
Narragansett Bay has hosted the biggest races in sailing, and on a summer afternoon it is full of sails.
Treat
Frozen lemonade
Shaved ice and real lemon from a roadside stand, and a genuine state institution on a hot day.
Combine It With
The country guide this page sits under. Driving, tipping, car seats and the practical things that apply wherever you go.
Forty minutes west. Mystic, the Seaport and the aquarium. This is the pairing I book most and the best two state week in New England with kids.
An hour north. Boston and the Cape, and a very easy addition at the other end of a Rhode Island stay.
Tell me who is coming, and when.
Tell me the ages of your kids, roughly when you want to go and what else is in the trip, and I will tell you if Rhode Island is worth three nights or if your week is better spent elsewhere. It is almost always worth the three.
Rhode Island, Answered
The ones that come up in almost every planning call. If yours is not here, ask me.
Is Rhode Island worth visiting with kids?
Yes, and three nights is usually the right amount. It is the smallest state so nothing is a drive, the south coast beaches are warm and sandy, the ferry to Block Island is a brilliant day out, and it is forty minutes from Mystic, which makes it the easiest add on in New England.
Where are the best beaches in Rhode Island with children?
The south coast, from Narragansett west towards Westerly and Misquamicut. Long sand, dunes, shallow warm water by late July, and state beaches where you pay to park rather than per person. The car parks fill and close on hot weekends, so go early or on a weekday.
Is the water warm enough to swim in Rhode Island?
Yes, by late July. The coast faces sheltered water rather than the open North Atlantic, so it warms through the summer. September is actually the warmest swimming of the year here, after a full summer of sun and with the crowds gone.
Should we stay in Newport or on the south coast?
The south coast, with children. It puts the beach on your doorstep and the Block Island ferry minutes away, Newport is only half an hour over the bridges, and it costs noticeably less. Newport is the most expensive corner of the state and better visited than slept in.
Is Block Island worth a day trip?
It is the best day out in Rhode Island. About an hour on the traditional ferry from Point Judith, then hire bikes at the harbour rather than bringing the car. Two good beaches, a working harbour and the bluffs. Book the ferry ahead in summer and never put it on your last day in case of weather.
How many Newport mansions should we visit with kids?
One. Pick the biggest, do it properly and spend the rest of the day on the free Cliff Walk and at the harbour. One grand house is memorable and three in a row is hard going for children, and the multi house pass rarely pays off for a family.
How many days do you need in Rhode Island?
Three nights, which covers a beach day, a Block Island day and a Newport day. Four or five if you want Providence or a second beach day as well. It is an add on state rather than a fortnight.
Can you do Rhode Island without a car?
Partly. Corridor trains stop at Providence and at Kingston for the south coast, so a city and beach town trip works. The state beaches, Newport and the ferry port are much easier with a car, and you should leave the car behind when you take the ferry to Block Island.
Photo credits
Adavyd / CC BY-SA 3.0 · Anatoli Lvov / CC BY-SA 3.0 · Billy Hathorn (talk) / CC BY-SA 3.0 · Brian Snelson / CC BY 2.0 · Eckel.elizabeth / CC BY-SA 4.0 · Kenneth C. Zirkel / CC BY-SA 4.0 · Photograph taken by Daderot / CC BY-SA 3.0 · Stilfehler / CC BY-SA 3.0 · Swampyank at English Wikipedia / CC BY-SA 3.0 · UpstateNYer / CC BY-SA 3.0 · beckstei / CC BY 2.0 · snowpea&bokchoi / CC BY 2.0. · ajay_suresh / CC BY 2.0 · altiemae / CC BY 2.0. Via Wikimedia Commons and Openverse. Remaining photographs on this page are public domain.
